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A writer who intends a list of three distinct people Betty, maid, cook may create an ambiguous sentence, regardless of whether the serial comma is adopted. Furthermore, if the reader is unaware of which convention is being used, both versions are always ambiguous. Ambiguities can often be resolved by the selective use of semicolons instead of commas; this is sometimes called the " super comma " function of semicolons.
Lynne Truss writes: "There are people who embrace the Oxford comma, and people who don't, and I'll just say this: never get between these people when drink has been taken. Omitting a serial comma is often characterized as a journalistic style of writing, as contrasted with a more academic or formal style. It is important that usage within a document be consistent; [32] inconsistent usage can seem unprofessional. In the U. The U. Barron wrote, "For want of a comma, we have this case.
In the case known as O'Connor v. Oakhurst Dairy , [52] a federal court of appeals was required to interpret a statute under which the "canning, processing, preserving, freezing, drying, marketing, storing, packing for shipment or distribution" of certain goods were activities exempted from the general requirement of overtime pay; the question was whether this list included the distribution of the goods, or only the packing of the goods for distribution.
The lack of a comma suggested one meaning, while the omission of the conjunction or before "packing" and the fact that the Maine Legislative Drafting Manual advised against use of the serial comma suggested another. Truck drivers demanded overtime pay, and the defense conceded that the expression was ambiguous, but said it should be interpreted as exempting distribution activity from overtime pay. On appeal, however, the First Circuit decided that the sentence was ambiguous and "because, under Maine law, ambiguities in the state's wage and hour laws must be construed liberally in order to accomplish their remedial purpose", adopted the drivers' narrower reading of the exemption and ruled that those who distributed the goods were entitled to overtime pay.
The opinion in the case said that 43 of the 50 U. House Legislative Counsel's Manual on Drafting Style, "to prevent any misreading that the last item is part of the preceding one"; only seven states "either do not require or expressly prohibited the use of the serial comma". In a commemorative 50p coin was brought into circulation in the United Kingdom to mark " Brexit day", 31 January , minted with the phrase "Peace, prosperity and friendship with all nations".
English novelist Sir Philip Pullman and others criticized the omission of the Oxford comma, while others said it was an Americanism and not required in this instance. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Comma before the conjunction in a list. Not to be confused with Oxford Comma song. This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. Learn how and when to remove these template messages. This article may have too many section headers dividing up its content. Please help improve the article by merging similar sections and removing unneeded subheaders. April Learn how and when to remove this template message.
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Oxford University Press. ISBN Writers' Mentor. Such an extension is reasonable, since etc. Herein, the term is used only as defined above. New York: Gotham Books. How can I quickly ramp up my battery cell factory from a pilot line to a gigafactory?
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On this occasion, professional and Despite this the mint began to diversify its product range by offering items outside their usual coin-related merchandise. Around this time, the mint was selling different types of jewellery, commemorative plates and figurines, [43] eventually creating its own Royal Mint Classics range of collectible goods.
This part of the business proved popular in attracting new customers, but it suffered from poor product development. This led to fears that the government would attempt to finance the cost by selling off state-owned organisations. In his , pre-budget report the Chancellor of the Exchequer , Alistair Darling stated that the Treasury would "explore the potential benefits of alternative future models for the Royal Mint".
The recommendation was met with outrage by unions and opposition parties in parliament, who called it the "selling off the family silver" and said it would result in job losses. In contrast, the chief executive of the mint, Andrew Stafford, welcomed the proposal, saying that it would lead to further growth and secure the future of the business.
This ensured competitive pricing and availability to the UK public. By The Royal Mint refused to supply coins to smaller independent coin dealers and instead their focus was on using larger outlets and fixing the prices of their products - some would say a "cartel based model".
Not good for the collectors market but clearly something that worked for The Royal Mint. After London was selected to host the Summer Olympics , the Royal Mint put in a successful bid to manufacture the Games' Olympic and Paralympic medals.
In addition to securing the medal product contract, the Mint held a competition to design a series of commemorative 50p coins that would enter general circulation prior to the event.
The Mint received over 30, entries, with a further 17, from a children's competition on Blue Peter. In all, a total of 29 designs featuring a sport were selected by the Mint; the youngest designer was just 9 years old. In April , the Mint announced plans for the development of a visitor centre in Llantrisant where members of the public could go on a guided tour of the facility and learn about the mint's history. In the same month, the mint took in 48 tonnes of silver recovered from the shipwreck of the SS Gairsoppa torpedoed in which was used to produce limited edition coins.
In , after nearly 50 years, the mint began producing its own line of bullion bars and coins under its revived Royal Mint Refinery brand. Then in , the mint announced plans for Royal Mint Gold RMG , a digital gold currency that uses blockchain to trade and invest in gold.
Operated by CME Group , the technology is to be [ out of date? Investors can also convert RMAU into coins and gold bars. As the sole body responsible for minting legal tender coins in the United Kingdom under contract from HM Treasury , the mint produces all of the country's physical currency apart from banknotes which are printed by the Bank of England. On average, it produces 2 billion pound sterling coins struck for general circulation every year, with an estimated 28 billion pieces circulating altogether.
Outside the UK, the mint provides services to over 60 countries including New Zealand and many Caribbean nations by producing national currencies or supplying ready to strike planchets. The Mint also regularly produces commemorative coins for the collector's market, with a range of varying quality and made of different precious metals.
Another important operation of the mint, which contributes half the mint's revenue, is the sale of bullion to investors and the general public in the form of bars and coins. Historically, the mint refined its own metal; but following the advice of an Royal Commission the process was separated, with the independent Royal Mint Refinery being purchased and operated by Anthony de Rothschild in The Rothschild family continued the refinery's management until it was sold to Engelhard in A year later, the Royal Mint relocated to Wales and ceased their bullion bar interests, but the brand was revived in Bullion bars produced by the mint are stamped with the original Royal Mint Refinery emblem and come in a range of sizes.
Minting of bullion coins began in to meet a demand for authentic sovereign coins , which suffered from heavy counterfeiting. Coins were released almost every year alongside proof versions up to , when production of uncirculated sovereigns was discontinued, though proof examples continued to be minted. In , the mint started to produce a new type of bullion coin: the gold 1 oz. Production of the previously discontinued uncirculated sovereigns and half sovereigns resumed in From , a lunar coin series was minted annually in celebration of the Lunar New Year ; and in a series featuring The Queen's Beasts began.
On occasion, the mint produces medals for government departments and under private contract for clients such as royal societies, colleges and universities. Prior to , the making of medals at the mint was at the discretion of engravers who could undertake the work independently and receive an additional wage. A royal patent which was issued in granted the mint the sole right to produce medals of any metal which bore a portrait of a monarch. Engravers would use the facilities at the mint to make commemorative medals to their own design for sale.
A key date in the mint's history of producing medals for the military is when the Battle of Waterloo marked the beginning of awarding military campaign medals. By , the mint was responsible for making all bars and clasps for war medals in the country and was making campaign medals such as the New Zealand Medal , the Abyssinian War Medal , and the Ashantee Medal.
At the start of the First World War , military medals were manufactured by the Woolwich Arsenal and private contractors. Waterloo Medal The Trial of the Pyx is a traditional procedure to test newly minted coins for conformity to required standards.
The trials have been held since the 12th century, normally once per calendar year, and continue to the present day. The form of the ceremony has been essentially the same since They are trials in the full judicial sense, presided over by a judge with an expert jury of assayers.
Since , the trials have taken place at the livery hall of the Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths , having previously taken place at the Palace of Westminster. There is also a Pyx Chapel or Pyx Chamber in Westminster Abbey , which was once used for secure storage of the Pyx and related articles. Coins to be tested are drawn from the regular production of the Royal Mint. The Deputy Master of the Mint must, throughout the year, randomly select several thousand sample coins and place them aside for the trial.
These must be in a certain fixed proportion to the number of coins produced. For example, for every 5, bimetallic coins issued, one must be set aside, but for silver Maundy money the proportion is one in The trial today consists of an inquiry independent of the Royal Mint. The jury is composed of freemen of the Company of Goldsmiths , who assay the coins provided to decide whether they have been minted within the criteria determined by the relevant Coinage Acts.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Government-owned mint that produces coins for the United Kingdom. For other uses, see Royal Mint disambiguation.
Trade name. Operating income. Further information: Royal Mint Court. Military Cross. George Cross. Main article: Trial of the Pyx. United Kingdom portal Numismatics portal. The Royal Mint. Retrieved 4 January Royal Mint. Retrieved 8 December Retrieved 6 June Retrieved 25 May Citadel of the Saxons. ISBN Royal Mint Museum. Retrieved 10 March
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